nd, hence to have some end of actions is an act of the freedom of the agent,Chicago Fire Drakt, not an affect of physical nature. Now,Męskie Barbour Cranwell Kurtka, since this act which determines an end is a practical principle which commands not the means (therefore not conditionally) but the end itself (therefore unconditionally), hence it is a categorical imperative of pure practical reason and one, therefore, which combines a concept of duty with that of an end in general.
Now there must be such an end and a categorical imperative corresponding to it. For since there are free actions,Blake Griffin Drakter, there must also be ends to which as an object those actions are directed. Amongst these ends there must also be some which are at the same time (that is,Moncler Virgile, by their very notion) duties. For if there were none such, then since no actions can be without an end,Angel di Maria Drakt, all ends which practical reason might have would be valid only as means to other ends, and a categorical imperative would be impossible; a supposition which destroys all moral philosophy.
Here,Derrick Rose Drakter, therefore, we treat not of ends which man actually makes to himself in accordance with the sensible impulses of his nature, but of objects of the free elective will under its own laws- objects which he ought to make his end. We may call the former technical (subjective),Canada Goose Woolford Kabáty, properly pragmatical, including the rules of prudence in the choice of its ends; but the latter we must call the moral (objective) doctrine of ends. This distinction is, however, superfluous here,Dame Moncler Rosean, since moral philosophy already by its very notion is clearly separated from the doctrine of physical nature (in the present instance, anthropology). The latter resting on empirical principles,Philippe Coutinho Drakt, whereas the moral doctrine of ends which treats of duties rests on principles given a priori in pure practical reason.
IV. What are the Ends which are also Duties?
They are: A. OUR OWN PERFECTION, B. HAPPINESS OF OTHERS.
We cannot invert these and make on one side our own happiness,Belstaff Coral Vent Bunda, and on the other the perfection of others, ends which should be in themselves duties for the same person.
For one's own happiness is, no doubt, an end that all men have (by virtue of the impulse of their nature), but this end cannot without contradiction be regarded as a duty. What a man of himself inevitably wills does not come under the notion of duty, for this is a constraint to an end reluctantly adopted. It is, therefore, a contradiction to say that a man is in duty bound to advance his own happiness with all his power.
It is likewise a contradiction to make the perfection of another my end,Climarron, and to regard myself as in duty bound to promote it. For it is just in this that the perfection of another man as a person consists, namely,Canada Goose Constable Parka, that he is able of himself to set before him his own end according to his own notions of duty; and it is a contradiction to require (to make it a duty for me) that I should do something which no other but himself can do.
V. Explanation of these two Notions
A. OUR OWN PERFECTION
The word perfection is liable to many misconceptions. It is sometimes understood
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