ings in which there is no touching,Rebel Waxed Bunda, there is no organic unity); therefore a point is not the same as a unit; for contact belongs to points, but not to units, which have only succession; and there is something between two of the former, but not between two of the latter.
Book XII Chapter 1
The subject of our inquiry is substance; for the principles and the causes we are seeking are those of substances. For if the universe is of the nature of a whole, substance is its first part; and if it coheres merely by virtue of serial succession, on this view also substance is first, and is succeeded by quality, and then by quantity. At the same time these latter are not even being in the full sense, but are qualities and movements of it,Moncler Monica,-or else even the not-white and the not-straight would be being; at least we say even these are, e.g. ‘there is a not-white’. Further, none of the categories other than substance can exist apart. And the early philosophers also in practice testify to the primacy of substance; for it was of substance that they sought the principles and elements and causes. The thinkers of the present day tend to rank universals as substances (for genera are universals, and these they tend to describe as principles and substances,Arrivals Rivet 3042, owing to the abstract nature of their inquiry); but the thinkers of old ranked particular things as substances, e.g. fire and earth,FC Dallashome Drakt, not what is common to both, body.
There are three kinds of substance-one that is sensible (of which one subdivision is eternal and another is perishable; the latter is recognized by all men, and includes e.g. plants and animals), of which we must grasp the elements,Tall Cardy Czyścibut 3174, whether one or many; and another that is immovable, and this certain thinkers assert to be capable of existing apart,Atletico Nacional Drakt, some dividing it into two,Canada Goose Chilliwack Bomber, others identifying the Forms and the objects of mathematics, and others positing, of these two, only the objects of mathematics. The former two kinds of substance are the subject of physics (for they imply movement); but the third kind belongs to another science, if there is no principle common to it and to the other kinds.
Book XII Chapter 2
Sensible substance is changeable. Now if change proceeds from opposites or from intermediates, and not from all opposites (for the voice is not-white, (but it does not therefore change to white)), but from the contrary,Olympique Lyon Drakt, there must be something underlying which changes into the contrary state; for the contraries do not change. Further, something persists, but the contrary does not persist; there is,Hamburg Drakt, then, some third thing besides the contraries, viz. the matter. Now since changes are of four kinds-either in respect of the ‘what’ or of the quality or of the quantity or of the place, and change in respect of ‘thisness’ is simple generation and destruction,Italia Drakt Barn, and change in quantity is increase and diminution, and change in respect of an affection is alteration, and change of place is motion,Cristiano Ronaldo Drakt, changes will be from given states into those contrary to them in these several respects. The matter, then,Moncler Untuvatakki Naiset, which
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