one kind of thinker who is above even the natural philosopher (for nature is only one particular genus of being), the discussion of these truths also will belong to him whose inquiry is universal and deals with primary substance. Physics also is a kind of Wisdom, but it is not the first kind.-And the attempts of some of those who discuss the terms on which truth should be accepted,Parajumpers Muži Squirrel, are due to a want of training in logic; for they should know these things already when they come to a special study, and not be inquiring into them while they are listening to lectures on it.
Evidently then it belongs to the philosopher, i.e. to him who is studying the nature of all substance,Belstaff Gangster Blouson Bunda, to inquire also into the principles of syllogism. But he who knows best about each genus must be able to state the most certain principles of his subject,Edinson Cavani Drakt, so that he whose subject is existing things qua existing must be able to state the most certain principles of all things. This is the philosopher,Golden State Warriors Drakter, and the most certain principle of all is that regarding which it is impossible to be mistaken; for such a principle must be both the best known (for all men may be mistaken about things which they do not know), and non-hypothetical. For a principle which every one must have who understands anything that is, is not a hypothesis; and that which every one must know who knows anything, he must already have when he comes to a special study. Evidently then such a principle is the most certain of all; which principle this is, let us proceed to say. It is, that the same attribute cannot at the same time belong and not belong to the same subject and in the same respect; we must presuppose, to guard against dialectical objections, any further qualifications which might be added. This, then,Belstaff Icon Bunda, is the most certain of all principles,Kanadanhanhi Miehet Cg Calgary Jacket, since it answers to the definition given above. For it is impossible for any one to believe the same thing to be and not to be, as some think Heraclitus says. For what a man says,Fiorentina Drakt, he does not necessarily believe; and if it is impossible that contrary attributes should belong at the same time to the same subject (the usual qualifications must be presupposed in this premiss too), and if an opinion which contradicts another is contrary to it,Artie Parka, obviously it is impossible for the same man at the same time to believe the same thing to be and not to be; for if a man were mistaken on this point he would have contrary opinions at the same time. It is for this reason that all who are carrying out a demonstration reduce it to this as an ultimate belief; for this is naturally the starting-point even for all the other axioms.
Book IV Chapter 4
There are some who,Jeff Teague Drakter, as we said,Werder Bremen Drakt, both themselves assert that it is possible for the same thing to be and not to be,Moncler Klobouky, and say that people can judge this to be the case. And among others many writers about nature use this language. But we have now posited that it is impossible for anything at the same time to be and not to be,Moncler Ilay, and by this means have shown that this is the most indisputable of all principles.-Some
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